Exam Study Guide free essay sample

Hemostasis: know the steps leading to hemostasis, know the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, know the steps in the common pathway that lead to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Steps: 1. Vascular Spasm: a sudden, brief tightening of the muscle cells inside the walls of a blood vessel. 2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting) Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathways: 1. Extrinsic mechanism: triggered by tissue damage outside of the blood vessel 2. Intrinsic mechanism: triggered by elements that lie within the blood inself Blood Types: ABO: -. Antigens: protein marker on surface of RBC Antibody: protein produced by immune system to destroy or mark for destruction by other cells of foreign objects Transfusions: Packed red blood cells are usually used Donor RBC’s are mixed with the recipient plasma Type O neg is the universal donor Type AB is the universal recipient Rh: understand hemolytic disease of the newborn * Rh- mom has Rh+ baby * Blood mixes at birth, during delivery * Rh Ag from the baby gets into mother’s blood, causing her to make Rh Ab * If mom has 2nd Rh+ child the Rh Ab crosses the placenta, causing HDN Heart Heart anatomy: know the chambers, valves, and great vessels and the order of blood flow through these structures Chambers: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle Valves: 1. AV valves: a. Bicuspid (mitral) – Left b. Tricuspid – Right 2. Semilunar valves a. Aortic – Left b. Pulmonic – Right Great Vessels: 1. Inferior amp; Superior vena cava Right Atrium 2. Pulmonary artery lungs 3. Pulmonary veins left atrium 4. Aorta systemic arteries (the body) Steps of blood flow through the heart: 1. Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae 2. Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle 3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open 4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk 5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and loads oxygen 6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium 7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle 8. Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve open 9. Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta 0. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide 11. Blood returns to heart via venae cavae Cardiac cycle: know the four phases of the cycle, which valves are open or closed at each part of the cycle 4 phases of the cycle: 1. Ventricular filling (last part of diastole and artrial systole) 2. Isovolumetric contraction (means same volume) 3. Ventricular ejection (systo le continues) 4. Isovolumetric relaxation (beginning of diastole) Systole: contraction of the myocardium Diastole: relaxation of the myocardium Heart failure: know what it is and understand the relationship of pulmonary edema or systemic edema to the failure of either ventricle Right Side 1. Left ventricular output exceeds right ventricular output 2. Pressure backs up 3. Fluid accumulates in systemic tissue ** Right Sided failure causes peripheral edema Left Side 1. Right ventricular output exceeds left ventricular output 2. Pressure backs up 3. Fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissue ** Left Sided failure causes pulmonary edema Blood Vessels Vascular anatomy: know the similarities and differences of the three different types of blood vessels 1. Arteries: always take blood away from the heart (high pressure) 2. Veins: return blood to the heart (low pressure) 3. Capillaries between arteries and veins (very thin walled to allow gas/nutrient exchange) Anastomoses: understand collateral circulation as it relates to intra-arterial or intravenous anastomoses, understand the AV anastomoses (shunts) and portal systems Collateral Circulation – insures blood flow in the event of an obstruction Arterio-Venous anastomosis (shunt)- warm blood is shunted to prevent heat loss Exam Study Guide free essay sample The ‘XYZ ‘ company will is beginning a new project. The project requires an initial Investment in fixed assets of $35,000. The assets will have a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of the 5 year project. The asset will be depreciated, straight line, over that period. The impact of the project will be an increase in revenue of $30,000 and cost of $17,000 each year. The working capital of the company will need to be higher than normal by $1,000 each year of the project. The tax rate is 34 %. What is the operating cash flow? What is the project’s net present value at a 20% discount rate? 2. Your company has 100,000 shares of common stock outstanding with a market price of $30 a share. Last month an annual dividend of $1. 32 per share was paid. The dividend growth rate is 5%. You also have 5,000 bonds outstanding with a face value of $1,000 per bond. The bond carries an 8% coupon rate annual and will mature in 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 8 years. The bonds are selling at 99% face value. The company tax rate is 32%. What is the weighted average cost of capital? 3. Pick between these two alternatives? A. )a machine costing $52,000 with a life of 4 years, that increases operating cost by $10,000 per year and B. )a machine costing $40,000 with a life of 5 years, that increases operating cost by $9,000. The tax rate is 34%. The depreciation method is straight line. Whichever machine is purchased will be replaced at the end of the useful life. Which one should be purchased and why? The required rate of return is 16%. 5. What is the total contribution margin and per unit of the following? A project that will create 1000 units of a produce. The cost per Year is $15,000 of which a third is variable. Depreciation is $500 per year. There are no taxes and sales will be $30,000. 6. You have 500 share of stock at a price of $63. 45 a share with quarterly dividends of $. 40 per share that have paid out 3 times so far. You sell the stock for $$58. 25. What is your total percentage return on investment? . What is the beta of stock B if: portfolio beta is 1. 1 and the portfolio is made up of 30% U. S. treasuries, 30% stock A and 40% in stock B. Stock A has a risk level equivalent to the overall market. 8. Project has cash flows of $35,400 a year for 4 years. Initial cost of the fixed assets is $82,000 and will be worthless at the end of the project. Additional net working capital of $3,000 will be required over the life of the project. What is the NPV at a required rate of return of 12%.